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Thursday, February 16, 2006

Cellular Monitoring

Declan McCullagh:

You may already know this, but your cell phone happens to be a miniature tracking device that can be used to monitor your location from afar.

There are times when knowing your exact location is useful, of course. It would be handy for a phone to help you find a gas station in a pinch, or bleep when you're about to take the wrong highway exit.

But the FBI and the U.S. Department of Justice have seized on the ability to locate a cellular customer and are using it to track Americans' whereabouts surreptitiously--even when there's no evidence of wrongdoing.

A pair of court decisions in the last few weeks shows that judges are split on whether this is legal. One federal magistrate judge in Wisconsin on Jan. 17 ruled it was unlawful, but another nine days later in Louisiana decided that it was perfectly OK.

This is an unfortunate outcome, not least because it shows that some judges are reluctant to hold federal agents and prosecutors to the letter of the law.

It's also unfortunate because it demonstrates that the FBI swore never to use a 1994 surveillance law to track cellular phones--but then, secretly, went ahead and did it, anyway.

When lobbying for that law, the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act, then-FBI Director Louis Freeh assured the U.S. Senate that location surveillance would never take place unless there was evidence of wrongdoing.

"It does not include any information which might disclose the general location of a mobile facility or service, beyond that associated with the area code or exchange of the facility or service," Freeh testified. "There is no intent whatsoever, with reference to this term, to acquire anything that could properly be called 'tracking' information."

So much for promises from politicians.


This is an interesting issue.

Past promises from the FBI aside, I'm inclined to believe that Americans don't have an expectation to privacy in this matter. For a long time law enforcement, and the courts, have divided information that could be collected from communications into two groups: Message content and "on the envelope" information. Back before there were things like email and cell phones, or even land-line phones for that matter, there was only the mail.

In that era it was easy to divide the two types of information. Obviously what was written on the paper inside of the envelope was worthy of a different type of protection then what was written on the outside of the envelope. Your mailman, if he's paying attention, could testify to who you're sending letters to as well as the frequency of those letters and whether or not you're getting anything back from who you're sending them too. Thus collecting this sort of information, specifically by law enforcement, has not been considered a "violation of privacy."

This same thinking has survived into the modern age with telephones. Law enforcement routinely accesses "on the envelope" type information from phone companies without typically obtaining a warrant. This includes lists of who you're calling, who you're getting calls from, the length of the calls and how often they occur. The cell phone, given its mobility, has simply added another facet to all this by making it possible to also monitor a person's location in the world.

So is monitoring a person's location via their cell phone a violation of that person's privacy? Its hard to say. Certainly the line between "content" and "on the envelope" information is getting a little blurry, but I'm not sure we've crossed the line quite yet. For well over a decade now it has been common knowledge, for those paying attention, that cell companies can track your location via the communication between your cell phone and the various towers. Even with this information freely available millions upon millions of citizens have gone ahead and started using cell phones anyway. I think that active choice negates any expectation privacy a citizen may have. They've chosen to carry the phone around with them, that the phone's location can be monitored and that information provided to anyone the phone company choses is simply a consequence of that decision.

But despite all that, while this sort of monitoring may be legal now I do think it is high time our legislators kicked it in gear and put down some laws to better define who phone companies can provide this sort of information to and under what circumstances. Because it is clear that the laws currently on the books aren't quite cutting it.

As technology evolves it is looking more and more like we're all going to have cell phones. As the way we communicate evolves the laws that guard the privacy of that communication need to evolve as well.

Comments

Avatar for The.Whistler

So I’m leaving my phone behind on my next caper.

The.Whistler on February 16, 2006 at 07:47 am
Avatar for Justin B

Rob,

You should really link this to the story about the CIA op in Italy where the Italians used CIA agents cell phone data to track their movements prior to the snatch operation.

 

MILAN, Italy—The trick is known to just about every two-bit crook in the cellular age: If you don’t want the cops to know where you are, take the battery out of your cell phone when it’s not in use.

Had that trick been taught at the CIA’s rural Virginia training school for covert operatives, the Bush administration might have avoided much of the current crisis in Europe over the practice the CIA calls "rendition," and CIA Director Porter Goss might not have ordered a sweeping review of the agency’s field operations.

But when CIA operatives assembled here nearly three years ago to abduct an Egyptian-born Muslim preacher named Osama Moustafa Hassan Nasr, more familiarly known as Abu Omar, and "render" him to Cairo, they left their cell phone batteries in.

Even when not in use, a cell phone sends a periodic signal indicating its location, enabling the worldwide cellular network to know where to look for it in case of an incoming call.

This isn’t exactly news.  This is the same technology that 911 uses to locate people.  Cell phones emit a constant signal while they are on that has a specific ID.  If you carry one around with you, it is constantly transmitting the whereabouts of the cell phone.  But let’s think about this for a minute...  it is not transmitting YOUR whereabouts, just those of your cell phone.  You cell phone does not have a right to privacy and it is your cell phone that is broadcasting its whereabouts.  If you choose to carry a device that broadcasts its whereabouts, you are in effect giving up your right to not have that information gathered.  Now this is a totally different story from wiretapping and listening to the conversations taking place on said cell phone.

 

Justin B on February 16, 2006 at 08:11 am
Avatar for Bat One

McCullagh (his first name is Declan… not David) states,

<blockquote>But the FBI and the U.S. Department of Justice have seized on the ability to locate a cellular customer and are using it to track Americans’ whereabouts surreptitiously--even when there’s no evidence of wrongdoing.</blockquote>

However, he gives no source or evidence that this is the case, implying instead that tracking is done at random and for no particular purpose.  That insinuation strikes me as not only silly, but borderline paranoid as well.

Clearly, as in the case of the infamous NSA surveillance program, the technology has leaped well ahead of the legal arcana meant to contain it.  In my world, that’s called progress.  Most Congressmen and their staff personnel are technological neohytes at best, passing on legislative proposals of which they know precious little.  Much the same as they do in other fields, such as economics, military affairs, commerce, medical matters, foreign affairs…

Perhaps the best answer here would be a warning label, much like those found on cigarettes, advising cell phone purchasers that by turning off their phones their location cannot be determined.  That they will also be unable to place or receive calls is something they will surely figure out eventually.

Bat One on February 16, 2006 at 08:48 am
Avatar for Justin B

The important part is that the Congress is expected to pass laws governing the conduct of the Executive Branch and the Judicial Branch is expected to interpret those laws.  The real issue is that Congress has not provided guidance on these issues and typically, Congress is decades behind passing laws to regulate the use of technology.

Is this really a "new" issue?  And what law is it that states that using this data is illegal?  Where is the Congressional guidance on how this information should and should not be used?  Why is it that the courts must provide the guidance and take the lead in defining the legality of these things? 

Same with Telecommunications regulations in general.  Our laws are written to deal with 30 year old technology.  And instead of passing new laws, Congress simply waits for the courts to tell them what to do.  This is the essence of Judicial activism at work.  Congress is transitioning their power and role onto the courts because they do not want to tackle the issue.  This is precisely why the courts got involved in Roe.  Becuase Congress failed to act.  And when unelected Judges make law, none of us (save the ACLU) are happy with the results.

Justin B on February 16, 2006 at 08:59 am
Avatar for Chief RZ

And some cars even have GPS equipment.  My 2000 model has one, the company changed its policy in 2002 and will now release the location only to police after a signed request!  Cell phone’s 911 integrated technology was actually requested by certain people who now are having second thoughts!!

Chief RZ on February 16, 2006 at 10:17 am
Rob
Rob
19421 comments
Send a private message

Bat, that’s for the head’s up on the name.  I fixed it.

Declan is the same reporter who brought us that story about the federal government making it illegal to annoy people over the internet.  His reporting turned out to be pretty misleading.


When the people fear their government, there is tyranny; when the government fears the people, there is liberty.

-- Thomas Jefferson

Rob’s recently listened-to songs:

robport.gif border=0

Rob on February 16, 2006 at 10:25 am
Avatar for Justin B

Onstar was used to listen in on conversations and track people in the past.  I think a mob boss in Chicago.  You think he was driving a Caddy?  Just a thought.

Justin B on February 16, 2006 at 10:30 am
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